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Project News 06.2004

A new whitefly species emerges as
a pest of cereals in Central America


Projects	:: Whiteflies as pests in tropical highlands :: Whiteflies as virus vectors in mixed cropping systems :: Whiteflies as vectors and pests in cassava

Whiteflies as vectors of viruses in mixed cropping systems in the tropical lowlands of Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean

Geographical focus :: Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Belize, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Cuba	Start date :: January 1, 1997
	Completion date :: December 31, 2000


Project Name ::	Sustainable Integrated Management of Whiteflies as Pests and Vectors of Plant Viruses in the Tropics
Project Leader ::	Dr. Pamela Anderson

Subproject Name ::	Whiteflies as vectors of viruses in legumes and mixed cropping systems in the tropical lowlands of Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean
Subproject Description ::	The Latin American regional literature is replete with reports of epidemics believed to be caused by Bemisia-transmitted viruses. However, quantitative data are scarce and variable. The apparent lack of quantitative data (e.g. Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador) does not indicate the absence of whitefly-transmitted geminivirus epidemics, but rather that data have not been collected. The data which do exist repeatedly report epidemics in beans, tomatoes, peppers and melons, suggesting that these crops are the most seriously affected, often by devastating epidemics, on a regional level. These data also appear to suggest that within countries epidemic "hot spots" for different crops are geographically distinct. This may reflect different cropping patterns, or may be an artifact of partial data. It is necessary to conduct a coordinated and systematic survey of disease incidence and yield losses and to estimate economic losses. The best example that we have of an attempt to describe a geminivirus disease, in Latin America, is the collective work on Bean golden mosaic virus -BGMV (Morales, 1994). For 11 countries in Latin America, maps are presented depicting the state-of-knowledge on spatial distribution of BGMV. Accompanying texts provide additional detail on the temporal patterns of Bean golden mosaic virus, i.e. when during the year the epidemics seem to be most severe. Even in this best-documented case, existing descriptive information is still quite incomplete, and analysis is lacking. The geminiviruses identified, to-date, from beans, tomatoes, and peppers in Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean from beans, tomatoes, and peppers are 8: BCaMV - Bean calico mosaic virus BGMV - Bean golden mosaic virus BDMV - Bean dwarf mosaic virus TYLCV - Tomato yellow leaf curl virus TLCV - Tomato leaf crumple virus TPV - Texas pepper virus TYMV - Tomato yellow mottle virus PHV - Pepper Huasteco virus In addition to BGMV, which has been identified in Central America since the mid-1970's, Bean calico mosaic virus (BCaMV) has been identified from Mexico (Loniello et al., 1992), and Bean dwarf mosaic virus (BDMV) has recently been identified from Nicaragua (Zamora, 1996). Our knowledge on the geminiviruses infecting tomatoes and peppers in the region has increased dramatically in the past five years. Tomato geminiviruses, distinct from those already named and accepted by the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy (ICTV), have been identified from tomatoes in Central America. These geminiviruses have been sequenced but have not yet been named (Maxwell, 1995), and are referred to as tomato geminivirus I and tomato geminivirus II. And, although geminiviruses have been detected in cucurbits in Guatemala (Alvarado et al., 1993; Moran, 1995), Honduras (Valdivia, Perring & Polston, cited in Caballero & Rueda, 1993), and Nicaragua (J. K. Brown & P. K. Anderson, unpublished 1987), identifications appear to be lacking. In spite of the advances in WTV identifications in the region, we do not understand which WTVs are responsible for the epidemics. And, in some cases the epidemics may be caused by mixed infections. In Guatemala, 81% of the tomato samples tested, were found to have mixed infections (tomato geminivirus I and tomato geminivirus II; Maxwell, 1995). WTVs must be linked to the observed epidemics, in order to determine which virus pathosystems should be prioritized for epidemiological study. The goal is to reduce environmental degradation due to the excessive pesticide use, and reduce threats to food security, which are resulting from whitefly and WTV damage. Project Purpose :: To gather, generate and analyze, through scientific and grower networks, baseline data relevant to the diagnosis and characterization of whitefly and WTV problems in the tropics, in order to propose a sound research agenda for improved understanding of pest and disease dynamics, IPM development and IPM implementation. Project Outputs :: International network for whiteflies and WTVs in the tropics established Socio-economic and environmental impact assessed Epidemiological characterization initiated Agronomic characterization initiated Preliminary studies for Phase 2 conducted Project Impact :: The immediate beneficiaries of Phase 1 of the Project will be a) IARC scientists, b) NARS scientists, c) small holder farmers, and d) donor agencies. Additional, indirect, beneficiaries will be the general community of whitefly and WTV scientists and government policy makers.
Project Leader ::	Dr. Francisco Morales / Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical - CIAT
Donor Partner ::	Danish International Development Agency - DANIDA
Partner institutions and collaborating professionals ::	Colombia Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical - CIAT Dr. Lee Calvert Mexico Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados - CINESTAV Dr. Rafael Rivera-Bustamante Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias - INIFAP Mr. Rafael Salinas Mr. Irineo Torres-Pacheco Mr. Raul Díaz Mr. Wilson Avilés-Baeza Mr. Genovevo Ramírez-Jaramillo Guatemala Programa de Frijol Centro Americano- PROFRIJOL Mr. Abelardo Viana Universidad del Valle Ms. Margarita Palmieri Ms. Mónica Orozco Mr. René Ruano El Salvador Centro Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria - CENTA Mr. Carlos Atilio Pérez Ms. Priscila Henríquez Mr. Ricardo Sandoval Mr. Edgardo Mendoza Universidad de El Salvador - UES Mr. Leopoldo Serrano Mr. Miguel Sermeño Mr. Raul Iraheta Mr. F. Bonilla Mr. Dagoberto Pérez Universidad Técnica Latinoamericana - UTLA Mr. Claudio Nunes Mr. Benjamín Meléndez Honduras Escuela Agrícola Panamericana - EAP Ms. María Mercedes Doyle Mr. Rogerio Trabanino Ms. Carolina Nolasco Ms. Elsa Barrientos Mr. Luis Jara Ms. Norman Escoto Nicaragua Universidad Nacional Agraria - UNA Mr. Alberto Sediles Ministerio de Agricultura Mr. Aurelio Llano Centro Agronómica Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza - CATIE Nicaragua Mr. Falguni Guharay Costa Rica Centro Agronomica Tropical de Investigación y Enseñaza - CATIE Dr. Luko Hilje Mr. Juan Vallejos Ministerio de Agricultura Mr. Guillermo Sibaja Mr. Carlos Araya Mr. Rudolfo Araya Mr. Pilar Ramírez Panama Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria de Panamá - IDIAP Mr. Orencio Fernández Mr. José Guerra Belize National Plant Protection Service - NPPS, Ministry of Agriculture Mr. Orlando Sosa Mr. Lizandro Quiroz Haiti Ministere de la Agriculture des Resources Naturelles et du Developpment Rural - MARNDR Ing. Jackson Donis Ing Emmanuel Prophete Cuba Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal - INISAV Ms. Gloria González Ms. Carlos Murguido Ms. Luis Vásquez Ms. A. Echemendía Ms. Yolanda Martínez Centro Nacional de Saniad Agropecuaria - CENSA Yanin Hernández Dr. Yamile Martínez Dr. Ester Peralta Instituto de Investigaciones Horticolas "Liliana Dimitrova" Mr. Benito Faure Dr. Olympia Gómez Ms. María Chailloux Dominican Republic Secretaria del Estado de Agricultura - SEA Mr. Emigdio Gómez Mr. Augusto Villar Junta Agro-empressarial Dominicana - JAD Mr. Antún Aboud Mr. Julio Nin Ms. Alfonsina Sánchez United States of America University of Wisconsin-Madison - UWM Department of Plant Pathology Dr. Douglas Maxwell University of St. Thomas Dr. Donald Frolich University of Arizona-Tucson - UA Department of Plant Sciences Dr. Judith Brown University of Florida - UFL. Gulf Coast Education and Research Center Dr. Jane Polston
Dissemination Outputs ::
Keywords ::	Bemisia tabaci; Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum); Pepper (Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens); Begomoviruses; Plant virology; Bean golden mosaic virus; Mexico; Guatemala; Honduras; El Salvador; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Belize; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Cuba


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